🤖 STEM

Robotics Combat: Build Your Champion!

Ever wondered what it feels like to design,
build, and battle your own robot? STEM robotics combat isn’t just a hobby; it’s an electrifying journey into engineering, problem-solving, and pure mechanical mayhem that will ignite your passion for innovation. Here at Robot Fighting™,
we’ve witnessed countless aspiring engineers transform from curious beginners into skilled robot gladiators, and we’re here to guide you every step of the way.

From the sparks flying in the arena to the late-night breakthroughs in the workshop,
building a combat robot is an unparalleled hands-on learning experience. It’s where theoretical knowledge meets practical application, turning abstract concepts into tangible, battling machines. Our team, with decades of combined experience, believes this is one of the most effective
and thrilling ways to master science, technology, engineering, and mathematics.

Just last year, our rookie team, “Gear Grinders,” started with nothing but a dream and a 1lb Antweight kit. After countless hours of designing
, soldering, and testing (and a few spectacular failures!), they not only competed but also took home the “Most Innovative Design” award at their first regional tournament. Their journey proves that with dedication and the right guidance, anyone can enter the arena
and make an impact.

Key Takeaways

  • Start Small: Begin with Antweight (1 lb) or Beetleweight (3 lb) robots to learn the fundamentals without overwhelming complexity or cost.
  • Safety is
    Paramount:     Always prioritize safety with proper gear and workshop practices; combat robots, even small ones, can be dangerous.
  • Embrace Iteration: Design, build, test, and refine – expect to learn and adapt through multiple
    cycles of improvement.
  • Community is Crucial: Leverage the supportive combat robotics community for mentorship, advice, and shared experiences.
  • STEM in Action: Combat robotics provides unparalleled hands-on application of physics, electronics, mechanical
    design, and mathematics.

Table of Contents

⚡️ Quick Tips and Facts for Aspiring Robot Combat Engineers

Alright, future robot gladiators and mechanical maestros! You’re about to embark on one of the most exhilarating
journeys in STEM: combat robotics! Here at Robot Fighting™, we’ve seen it all – from sparks flying in the arena to late-night workshop breakthroughs. Before you dive headfirst into designing your destructive darling, let’s
arm you with some quick, hard-hitting facts and tips from our seasoned team.

  • Start Small, Dream Big! ✅ Don’t try to build a BattleBots heavyweight for your first robot. Trust us, we
    ‘ve seen ambitious beginners get overwhelmed. Begin with an Antweight (1 lb) or Beetleweight (3 lb) robot. These smaller classes are fantastic for learning the ropes without breaking the bank or your spirit.

Safety First, Always! ⚠️ This isn’t just a suggestion; it’s a commandment! Combat robots, even the tiny ones, can be dangerous. Always wear safety glasses, use proper ventilation, and understand your
tools. We’ve got more on this later, but seriously, protect those eyeballs and digits!

  • Design is Key, but Iteration is King. 👑 You’ll rarely get it perfect on the first try. Design
    , build, test, break, redesign, rebuild, retest… that’s the combat robotics cycle! Embrace failure as a learning opportunity. Our lead engineer, “Sparky” Dave, once spent three months perfecting a weapon only for
    it to snap on its first hit. He learned a lot that day!
  • Community is Your Superpower. 💪 You are not alone in this quest! The combat robotics community is incredibly supportive. Seek out local clubs, online
    forums, and mentorship. As growingSTEMS aptly puts it, their programs offer “a lot to offer!” for those looking to get involved.
  • Balance Defense and Offense. 🛡️⚔
    ️ A robot with an unstoppable weapon but no armor is a glass cannon. A robot with impenetrable armor but no way to attack is a very expensive paperweight. Find that sweet spot!
  • Know Your Rules. 📜 Every competition has specific
    rules and weight classes. Ignorance is not bliss when your robot gets disqualified before it even enters the arena. We’ll delve into this more in our Robot Combat Rules and Regulations section.
  • Budget Wisely. 💰 Components can add up quickly. Plan your build, research prices, and be prepared for unexpected costs. Sometimes, a cheaper
    part now means buying a replacement later.

🤖 The Roaring History of STEM

boy using tablet computer

Robotics Combat: From Garages to Arenas

Ever wonder how we got from tinkering in garages to televised spectacles of mechanical mayhem? The history of STEM robotics combat is a fascinating tale of innovation, passion, and a healthy dose of competitive
spirit!

It all began, as many great things do, with enthusiasts in their workshops, driven by a desire to see their mechanical creations duke it out. Early robot fighting events were often informal gatherings, a chance for hobbyists to test
their engineering prowess against their peers. These nascent battles laid the groundwork for what would become a global phenomenon.

The late 1990s and early 2000s saw a significant surge in popularity, largely thanks to televised
events like BattleBots and Robot Wars. Suddenly, the world was captivated by the sheer spectacle of robots flipping, spinning, and tearing each other apart. This mainstream exposure wasn’t just about entertainment; it ignited a spark in
countless young minds, showcasing the thrilling practical applications of science, technology, engineering, and mathematics.

“New Mexico Tech’s Robot Outreach program promotes interest in STEM education at all educational levels,” highlighting how these “challenging and thrilling
projects and competitions” are crucial for skills development. Indeed, the competitive nature of robot combat provides an unparalleled hands-on learning experience. Students and adults alike began to realize that building a combat robot wasn’t just about winning
; it was about understanding physics, electronics, materials science, and mechanical design in a way no textbook ever could.

From those humble beginnings, the sport has evolved dramatically. Today, we have a vibrant ecosystem of events, from local club
tournaments to international championships, catering to every weight class imaginable. The focus has increasingly shifted towards STEM education, with many programs, like those offered by growingSTEMS, specifically designed to engage students in grades 3 all the way through college
and beyond. It’s a testament to the enduring appeal and educational power of watching two meticulously engineered machines battle it out for supremacy. The roar of the crowd, the smell of ozone, the sheer ingenuity on display – it’
s a history we’re proud to be a part of here at Robot Fighting™!

🧠 Why Dive into STEM Combat Robotics? The Ultimate Educational Thrill Ride


Video: How to make cardboard BattleBots (fighting robots), a STEM Robot Workshop.








So, you’re intrigued by the sparks and the smashing, but you might be asking: “Is this just a glorified toy fight, or is there
something more to it?” Oh, our dear aspiring robot warrior, there is so much more! Engaging in STEM combat robotics isn’t just a hobby; it’s a turbocharged educational experience that builds skills far beyond the arena.
It’s a journey that transforms curious minds into confident innovators.

Unleashing Creativity and Problem-Solving Skills

Imagine a blank canvas, but
instead of paint, you have metal, wires, and motors. Combat robotics is the ultimate creative outlet for engineers. You’re not just assembling a kit; you’re designing a unique machine to overcome specific challenges. “How do I make my robot
faster?” “How can I protect its vulnerable components?” “What weapon design will be most effective against a flipper bot?” These are the kinds of questions that spark creative problem-solving. Every design choice, every component selection, is a
puzzle piece you’re fitting together. When a design doesn’t work as planned (and trust us, it often won’t!), you learn to troubleshoot, adapt, and innovate on the fly. It’s a constant cycle of ide
ation, testing, and refinement that hones your critical thinking like nothing else.

Hands-On Application of Science, Technology,

Engineering, and Math

This is where STEM truly comes alive! Forget abstract equations; in combat robotics, every scientific principle has a tangible, often explosive, outcome.

  • Science: Understanding physics is paramount. How does
    friction affect your drive system? What’s the optimal weight distribution for stability? How much kinetic energy does your spinning weapon need to deliver a devastating blow?
  • Technology: You’ll dive deep into electronics, learning about motors,
    batteries, speed controllers (ESCs), and radio control systems. You’ll understand how to wire circuits, solder connections, and diagnose electrical issues.
  • Engineering: This is the heart of it all. From mechanical design
    (chassis, armor, weapon mechanisms) to materials science (choosing the right metals or plastics for durability and weight), you’ll apply engineering principles at every turn. You’ll even get a taste of CAD (Computer-Aided Design) software, bringing your ideas to life digitally before you cut a single piece of metal.
  • Mathematics: Calculations are everywhere! Determining gear ratios for optimal speed and torque, calculating battery life, understanding weight limits, and even basic
    geometry for weapon angles – math is your silent partner in every build.

As New Mexico Tech’s Robot Outreach program emphasizes, these activities are “challenging and thrilling projects and competitions” that promote interest in STEM education and skills development. It’s learning by doing, and it’s incredibly effective. You can explore more about the intricate details of robot construction in our Robot Design and Engineering section.

Building Teamwork and Communication Prowess

While you can build a robot solo, many
of the most successful combat robotics endeavors are team efforts. Whether it’s a school club, a family project, or a competitive league team like growingSTEMS’ “Team Honey Cracked”, you’ll quickly
learn the value of collaboration. Assigning roles, sharing ideas, delegating tasks, and communicating effectively under pressure are all vital skills you’ll develop. Imagine the chaos if your weapon specialist and drive specialist aren’t on the
same page during a crucial repair! Our team at Robot Fighting™ has seen firsthand how these experiences forge strong bonds and teach invaluable lessons in interpersonal dynamics.

<a id=”a-gateway-to-future-careers-in-robot

ics-and-beyond”>A Gateway to Future Careers in Robotics and Beyond

The skills you acquire in combat robotics are highly transferable and sought after in numerous industries. Robotics, engineering, manufacturing, software development, project management – the list goes on!
Many professional engineers and technicians today trace their passion back to building robots in their youth. It’s not just about building robots; it’s about building a foundation for a successful future. The hands-on experience, the ability to solve
complex problems, and the resilience learned from setbacks are all qualities that employers covet. So, while you’re having a blast smashing opponents, you’re also quietly building a formidable resume!

🛠️ Gearing Up: Essential Tools and Workspace for Your First Combat Robot Build


Video: The Best KO Moments on BattleBots | Discovery.








Alright, aspiring robot engineers, you’re
convinced! You’re ready to dive in. But before you start dreaming of titanium armor and spinning blades, let’s talk shop. Specifically, your workshop and the tools that will become your trusty companions. Here at Robot Fighting™,
we’ve got workshops ranging from pristine, laser-equipped labs to cluttered (but beloved!) garage corners. The good news? You don’t need a million-dollar facility to start.

<a id=”the-must

-have-workbench-essentials”>The Must-Have Workbench Essentials

Think of these as your combat robotics starter pack. You probably have some of these already!

  • Safety Glasses (Non-Negotiable!) 👓 Seriously
    , we can’t stress this enough. Sparks, flying debris, snapped drill bits – your eyes are precious. Always, always wear them.
  • Work Gloves 🧤 Protect your hands from sharp edges, hot solder, and general
    grime.
  • Basic Hand Tools:
  • Screwdriver Set: Phillips, flathead, Torx, hex (Allen keys) – you’ll need them all. Consider a good multi-bit driver
    like the Klein Tools 11-in-1 Screwdriver for versatility.
  • Pliers (Needle-nose, Lineman’s, Diagonal Cutters): Essential for gripping, bending wires, and sni
    pping. The Knipex Cobra Pliers are a team favorite for their grip and durability.
  • Wire Strippers: For preparing electrical connections. A good automatic stripper like the Irwin Vise-G
    rip Self-Adjusting Wire Stripper     can save you a lot of frustration.
  • Adjustable Wrench Set: For tightening nuts and bolts of various sizes.
  • Hacksaw or Metal She
    ars:     For cutting smaller pieces of metal or plastic.
  • Drill and Drill Bit Set: A cordless drill is incredibly versatile. Look for a reputable brand like DeWalt or Milwaukee. You’ll need a
    good set of HSS (High-Speed Steel) drill bits for metal and plastic.
  • Soldering Iron and Solder: For making robust electrical connections. A temperature-controlled iron like the Weller WLC
    100 Soldering Station     is a great starting point. Don’t forget good quality rosin-core solder!
  • Multimeter: An absolute lifesaver for diagnosing electrical issues, checking continuity, and measuring voltage.
    A basic Fluke 101 Digital Multimeter is reliable and accurate.
  • Vise: A sturdy bench vise is invaluable for holding parts securely while you work.
  • Clamps: C-clamps,
    spring clamps – you can never have too many for holding pieces together during assembly or gluing.

Specialized Robotics Tools You’ll

Thank Us For

Once you’re past the absolute basics, these tools will elevate your build quality and efficiency.

  • Dremel Rotary Tool: The Dremel 4000 or 43
    00     with various attachments (cutting wheels, grinding stones, sanding drums) is incredibly useful for fine-tuning, deburring, and modifying parts.
  • Heat Gun: Perfect for heat-shrink tubing, which provides excellent
    insulation and strain relief for your wiring.
  • Digital Calipers: For precise measurements. A good Mitutoyo Absolute Digimatic Caliper is an investment, but even a decent digital caliper from Neiko will
    be a huge upgrade from a ruler.
  • Files and Deburring Tools: Metal edges can be sharp! Files and deburring tools are essential for smoothing edges and making your robot safe to handle.
  • Tap and
    Die Set:     For creating threaded holes (tapping) and cleaning up existing threads (die). Invaluable for secure fastening.
  • Hot Glue Gun: Surprisingly useful for temporarily holding components, securing wires, or adding lightweight protection.

<

a id=”safety-gear-your-best-friend-in-the-workshop”>Safety Gear: Your Best Friend in the Workshop

We mentioned safety glasses, but let’s expand on that. A safe workshop is a happy
workshop!

  • Hearing Protection: If you’re using power tools like grinders or saws, earplugs or earmuffs are a must.
  • Respirator/Dust Mask: When cutting or sanding certain materials (especially plastics or composites), you’ll want to protect your lungs from fine dust.
  • Fire Extinguisher: Electrical shorts and battery fires can happen. Have a Class B/C fire extinguisher readily accessible.

First-Aid Kit: Minor cuts and scrapes are part of the learning process. Be prepared.

Remember, a well-organized and safe workspace makes the building process much more enjoyable and efficient. Don’t skimp on safety –
your future robot-fighting self will thank you!

⚖️ Understanding Combat Robot Weight Classes: From Antweights to


Video: Building a Combat Robot In a Week.







Heavyweights

One of the first, and most crucial, decisions you’ll make in STEM robotics combat is choosing your robot’s weight class. This isn’t just a number; it dictates everything from your robot’s size
and power to the types of components you can use and the strategies you’ll employ. It’s like choosing your division in a boxing match – a flyweight doesn’t fight a heavyweight! Here at Robot Fighting™, we’ve seen
champions emerge from every class, each with its own unique challenges and thrills.

Let’s break down the most common weight classes you’ll encounter:

| Weight Class | Max Weight (approx.) | Typical Size | Common Materials | Skill

Level Key Characteristics
Antweight 1 lb (454 g)
Plastic, Aluminum Beginner-Intermediate
Beetleweight 3 lb (1.36 kg)
More robust, good for learning
Hobbyweight 12 lb (5.44 kg)
**
Featherweight** 30 lb (13.6 kg)
Lightweight 60 lb (27.2 kg)
Middleweight 120 lb (54.4 kg)
Titanium Expert
Heavyweight 220 lb (99.8 kg)
extreme power

1. Antweight (1 lb / 454 g):

The Nimble Nuisances

Ah, the Antweight! This is where many aspiring robot builders, including our own “Sparky” Dave, got their start. These little dynamos are limited to a mere 1 pound (454 grams), making them incredibly agile and often surprisingly destructive.

  • Pros:
  • Low Cost: Components are generally smaller and cheaper.
  • Accessibility: Easier to transport and store.

Quick Builds: You can often get an Antweight up and running relatively quickly.

  • Great Learning Platform: Perfect for understanding basic mechanics and electronics.
  • Cons:
  • Fragility: Can
    be easily damaged by powerful opponents.
  • Limited Power: Less room for massive weapons or heavy armor.
  • Precision Required: Small components demand careful assembly.

GrowingSTEMS offers a fantastic “Ant Weight Competition Program
” for competitors 11 years and older, providing a “Plastic Ant Weight kit” and access to mentors. It’s an excellent way to dip your toes into the combat robotics waters! We’ve seen some
truly innovative designs in this class, from tiny lifters to surprisingly potent spinners.

2.

Beetleweight (3 lb / 1.36 kg): The Perfect Starting Point

Stepping up slightly, the Beetleweight class allows for robots up to 3 pounds (1.36 kg). This is
often considered the sweet spot for beginners who want a bit more robustness and power than an Antweight, without the complexity or cost of larger classes.

  • Pros:
  • More Durable: Can withstand more punishment than Antweights
    .
  • Greater Design Freedom: More space for larger batteries, motors, and weapon mechanisms.
  • Still Relatively Affordable: Components are still manageable in price.
  • Wider Competition Scene: A
    very popular class with many events.
  • Cons:
  • Increased Cost: Slightly more expensive than Antweights.
  • More Complex Builds: Requires a bit more engineering thought.

Many competitive teams, including growing
STEMS’ “Team Honey Cracked,” utilize 3 lb robots for travel competitions, showcasing the serious engineering that goes into these machines. If you’re looking for a balance of learning and competitive potential, the Beetleweight
is a fantastic choice.

3. Hobbyweight (12 lb / 5.44 kg): Stepping Up the Game

The Hobbyweight class, at 12 pounds (5.44 kg), is where things start to get serious. You’ll see more advanced materials, more powerful weapons, and more
intricate designs. This class is a great bridge for builders who have mastered the smaller bots and are ready for a bigger challenge.

  • Pros:

  • Significant Power: Can wield substantial weapon systems.

  • Robust
    Construction:     Allows for thicker armor and more durable components.

  • Complex Engineering: Great for pushing your design and fabrication skills.

  • Cons:

  • Higher Cost: Components are larger and more expensive.

  • More Dangerous: Requires greater safety precautions during building and competition.

  • Transportation Challenges: Less portable than smaller bots.

Team Honey Cracked also competes with 12 lb robots, demonstrating the level of commitment
and skill required for this class. Expect to see serious damage and strategic driving in Hobbyweight battles!

<a id=”4-featherweight-30-lb-13.6-kg-serious

-contenders”>4. Featherweight (30 lb / 13.6 kg): Serious Contenders

At 30 pounds (13.6 kg), Featherweights are truly formidable machines. These robots
are often built with professional-grade materials and components, and their battles are intense. This is where you start seeing miniature versions of the heavyweights you might watch on TV.

  • Pros:
  • Extreme Power
    :     Capable of devastating weapon impacts.
  • Highly Durable: Built to withstand significant abuse.
  • Advanced Engineering: Pushes the boundaries of design and fabrication.
  • Cons:

High Cost: Components and materials can be very expensive.

  • Significant Safety Risks: Requires strict adherence to safety protocols.
  • Logistical Challenges: Requires dedicated transport and a robust pit crew.

Growing
STEMS’ Team Honey Cracked also tackles the 30 lb class, competing against “other elite teams from across the globe”. These are not weekend projects; they are serious engineering endeavors.

<a id

=”5-lightweight-60-lb-27.2-kg-and-beyond-the-big-leagues”>5. Lightweight (60 lb / 27.2 kg) and Beyond:
The Big Leagues

Beyond Featherweight, you enter the realm of Lightweight (60 lb), Middleweight (120 lb), and Heavyweight (220 lb) robots. These are the titans of the sport
, requiring substantial budgets, advanced manufacturing techniques, and years of experience. These are the classes where you’ll find the robots that inspire the next generation of builders. While not typically where beginners start, understanding these classes gives you a glimpse into
the pinnacle of combat robotics engineering.

Choosing your weight class is the first step in a thrilling journey. Consider your budget, your skill level, and your available resources. No matter the size, every robot battle is a testament to ingenuity and
engineering!

⚙️ The Anatomy of a Champion: Core Combat Robot Components Explained


Video: Tombstone vs. Radioactive – BattleBots.








Ever wondered what makes a
combat robot tick (or spin, or flip, or smash)? It’s not just a pile of metal and wires; it’s a carefully orchestrated symphony of components, each playing a vital role in its performance and survival. Here at
Robot Fighting™, our engineers spend countless hours agonizing over every detail, because in the arena, every component counts! Let’s dissect a champion and understand its inner workings.

<a id=”chassis-and-armor-the

-indestructible-shell”>Chassis and Armor: The Indestructible Shell

The chassis is the backbone of your robot, providing structural integrity and a mounting point for all other components. The armor is
its skin, designed to deflect blows, absorb impacts, and protect the delicate internals.

  • Chassis Materials:
  • Aluminum (e.g., 6061-T6): Lightweight,
    easy to machine, and good for smaller bots.
  • Steel (e.g., AR400/AR500, Hardox): Much stronger and more impact-resistant, ideal for larger, more
    destructive robots.
  • Titanium: Extremely strong and lightweight, but very expensive and difficult to work with. Often used for critical components or high-end builds.
  • Polycarbonate (Lexan): A
    tough, clear plastic often used for internal bracing or lightweight armor on smaller bots.
  • Armor Design:
  • Wedges: Sloped armor designed to get under opponents and flip them.
  • S
    labs:     Thick, flat plates for maximum protection against kinetic weapons.
  • Curved Armor: Can deflect spinning weapons more effectively than flat surfaces.
  • Internal Bracing: Reinforces the chassis against crushing forces
    .

Our Anecdote: One time, our team built a Beetleweight with a beautiful, sleek aluminum chassis. It looked amazing! Then, in its first fight, a vertical spinner tore right through it. We learned the hard way that aesthetics
sometimes take a backseat to sheer brute strength. Now, we often reinforce critical areas with hardened steel or even small titanium plates, especially against powerful vertical spinners.

<a id=”drive-system-motors-wheels-and-tracks-

for-mobility”>Drive System: Motors, Wheels, and Tracks for Mobility

A robot that can’t move is a sitting duck! The drive system is crucial for maneuverability, speed, and pushing power.

  • Motors:

  • Brushless DC Motors (BLDC): High power-to-weight ratio, efficient, and durable. Common in higher-performance robots. Brands like Cobra Motors or Scorpion Motors are popular.

  • Brushed DC Motors: Simpler, cheaper, but less efficient and powerful than brushless. Good for entry-level bots. FingerTech Robotics offers excellent brushed drive motors for smaller classes.

  • Gear
    boxes:     Reduce motor speed and increase torque. Essential for getting enough pushing power. Pololu offers a wide range of compact gearmotors.

  • Wheels:

  • Foam Wheels: Lightweight, good
    grip, but can be easily damaged.

  • Rubber Wheels: Durable, excellent traction. FingerTech Robotics “Foamies” are a classic for smaller bots.

  • Traction Control Wheels: Some
    designs incorporate mechanisms to prevent wheels from being easily disabled.

  • Tracks: Less common in smaller classes due to complexity and weight, but offer superior traction and maneuverability on uneven surfaces for larger bots.

👉 CHECK PRICE on:

<a id=”weapon-systems-

spinners-flippers-wedges-and-more”>Weapon Systems: Spinners, Flippers, Wedges, and More!

This is where the fun (and destruction) happens! The weapon system is what gives your robot its
offensive punch.

  • Spinners (Vertical, Horizontal, Drum): High kinetic energy weapons that rip, tear, and throw opponents.
  • Vertical Spinners: Blades spin on a vertical axis, often lifting
    and throwing bots.
  • Horizontal Spinners: Blades spin horizontally, delivering devastating blows across the arena floor.
  • Drum Spinners: A cylindrical weapon with teeth, combining aspects of both vertical and horizontal spinners
    .
  • Flippers: Pneumatic or spring-powered mechanisms designed to launch opponents into the air or onto their backs.
  • Wedges/Lifters: Low-profile designs that get underneath opponents and lift them
    , controlling the fight.
  • Crushers/Pinchers: Less common, but powerful mechanisms designed to grip and crush opponents.
  • Hammers/Axes: Deliver percussive force from above.

The
choice of weapon often dictates the entire robot’s design and strategy. You can learn more about effective weapon choices and tactics in our Robot Battle Strategies
section.

Power System: Batteries and Speed Controllers (ESCs)

The power system is the heart of your robot, providing the juice
for everything to run.

  • Batteries:
  • Lithium Polymer (LiPo) Batteries: High energy density, lightweight, and powerful. The go-to choice for most combat robots. Brands like G
    ens Ace     or Turnigy are popular. Crucial Safety Note: LiPo batteries require special care for charging, discharging, and storage to prevent fires.
  • Nickel-Metal Hydride (NiMH) Batteries: Safer
    than LiPo but heavier and less powerful. Sometimes used for control systems or less demanding applications.
  • Electronic Speed Controllers (ESCs): These are the “brains” that translate signals from your receiver into motor commands, controlling speed
    and direction. You’ll need one for each drive motor and often a separate one for your weapon motor. Brands like Vex Robotics (for educational kits) or HobbyKing (for hobby-grade components) offer
    a wide range.

👉 CHECK PRICE on:

Control System: Receivers, Trans

mitters, and Microcontrollers

This is how you tell your robot what to do!

  • Transmitter (Controller): The handheld device you use to control your robot. Look for a reliable 2.4 GHz
    radio system from brands like FrSky, Spektrum, or FlySky.
  • Receiver: Mounted inside your robot, it receives signals from your transmitter and passes them to the ESCs and other components.

Microcontrollers (Optional for RC, Essential for Autonomous): While most combat robots are purely remote-controlled, microcontrollers like Arduino or Raspberry Pi Pico can be used for advanced weapon control, sensor integration, or even
autonomous features (though autonomous combat is rare in most leagues).

Wiring and Connections: The Robot’s Nervous System

Often overlooked, but
critical! Poor wiring can lead to intermittent failures, shorts, and even fires.

  • Wire Gauge: Use appropriate wire gauge for the current your components will draw. Thicker wire (lower gauge number) for high-current paths
    (battery to ESC, ESC to motor).
  • Connectors: XT60, XT90, or EC5 connectors are common for battery connections due to their high current rating. JST connectors are used for smaller signal
    wires.
  • Soldering: Learn to solder properly! Cold solder joints are a common point of failure.
  • Heat Shrink Tubing: Provides insulation and strain relief for soldered connections.

Every component, from the smallest screw
to the most powerful motor, contributes to the robot’s overall performance. Understanding these parts is the first step toward building your own arena champion!

🏗️ The Build Process: A Step-by-Step Guide to Constructing Your First Combat Robot


Video: This Fire Was The Least Of Our Problems! Fight 2 – Ribbot // BattleBots Pro League.







So, you’ve got your tools, you’ve picked
your weight class, and you’re buzzing with ideas. Fantastic! Now comes the truly exciting part: bringing your vision to life. Building a combat robot is a journey, not a sprint, and it’s filled with learning, challenges
, and immense satisfaction. Here at Robot Fighting™, we’ve guided countless builders through this process, and we’re here to walk you through it, step by step.

<a id=”1-conceptual-design-and-cad-

modeling-eg-fusion-360″>1. Conceptual Design and CAD Modeling (e.g., Fusion 360)

Before you cut a single piece of metal, you need a plan! This is where your
creativity truly shines.

  • Brainstorming: Sketch out ideas. What kind of weapon? What drive system? What shape will your robot be? Consider your chosen weight class and its limitations.
  • Research: Look
    at existing robots in your weight class. What works? What doesn’t? Don’t copy, but draw inspiration.
  • CAD (Computer-Aided Design): This is your digital workshop. Software like Aut
    odesk Fusion 360     (often free for hobbyists and students) or Onshape allows you to design your robot in 3D.
  • Benefits of CAD:
  • Visualize your
    design:     See how components fit together.
  • Check for clearances: Avoid parts colliding.
  • Weight management: Estimate the total weight of your robot before building.
  • Generate manufacturing drawings: Essential
    for cutting parts accurately.
  • Identify potential weaknesses: Spot areas that might need reinforcement.
  • Component Selection: While designing, start researching and selecting your actual components (motors, batteries, ESCs, weapon parts). This helps ensure everything fits and meets your power requirements.

Our Anecdote: Our team once skipped the detailed CAD for a Beetleweight, thinking we could “wing it.” We ended up with a robot that was 2
ounces overweight and had a weapon that collided with the chassis. We spent an entire weekend filing and grinding to fix it! Lesson learned: CAD saves time and headaches!

<a id=”2-sourcing-components: where to

find the best parts”>2. Sourcing Components: Where to Find the Best Parts

Once your design is solid, it’s time to gather your materials. This can be a treasure hunt!

  • Specialized Robotics Suppliers:

  • FingerTech Robotics: Excellent for Antweight and Beetleweight components like motors, wheels, and weapon kits.

  • Pololu: A fantastic source for motors, motor drivers, microcontrollers, and various
    electronic components.

  • BotKits: Another great resource for combat robot parts and kits.

  • General Electronics Suppliers:

  • SparkFun: Great for sensors, microcontrollers (Arduino, Raspberry Pi Pico), and general electronics.

  • Adafruit: Similar to SparkFun, with a wide range of hobby electronics and tutorials.

  • HobbyKing: Excellent for LiPo batteries, ESCs, and RC
    transmitters/receivers.

  • Hardware and Materials:

  • McMaster-Carr: Your go-to for almost any raw material (metal sheets, rods, fasteners), tools, and industrial supplies.

  • OnlineMetals: Good for smaller quantities of specific metals.

  • Local Hardware Stores: For basic fasteners, glues, and general supplies.

  • 3D Printing Services: If you don’t have a
    3D printer, services like Shapeways or JLCPCB can print custom plastic parts from your CAD files.

👉 CHECK PRICE on:

<a id=”3-

chassis-fabrication-cutting-drilling-and-assembling”>3. Chassis Fabrication: Cutting, Drilling, and Assembling

This is where your robot starts to take physical form!

  • Cutting: Use your
    hacksaw, metal shears, Dremel, or even a band saw (if you have access) to cut your chassis and armor plates according to your CAD drawings. Always wear safety glasses!
  • Drilling: Mark
    your drill points carefully and use the appropriate drill bits for your material. Use a drill press for accuracy if possible.
  • Deburring: After cutting and drilling, use files or a deburring tool to smooth all sharp edges. This
    is crucial for safety and prevents wires from chafing.
  • Assembly: Start assembling your chassis using screws, nuts, and standoffs. Ensure everything is square and secure. Use threadlocker (like Loctite Blue 242) on critical fasteners to prevent them from vibrating loose in battle.

4. Drive Train Assembly: Getting Your Robot Rolling

Now
for mobility!

  • Mount Motors: Securely mount your drive motors to the chassis. Ensure they are aligned correctly with your wheel axles.
  • Attach Gearboxes (if separate): If your motors don’t have
    integrated gearboxes, attach them now.
  • Install Wheels: Mount your wheels onto the motor shafts or axles. Check for free rotation and ensure they don’t rub against the chassis.
  • Test Drive: Before
    adding any weapons or complex electronics, connect your drive motors directly to a battery (briefly!) or a basic ESC and receiver to ensure they spin correctly and your robot can move. This is a great early test!

<a id=”5-

weapon-integration-arming-your-mechanical-warrior”>5. Weapon Integration: Arming Your Mechanical Warrior

This is often the most exciting (and sometimes most challenging) part!

  • Mount Weapon Motor: Secure
    ly mount your weapon motor. This often requires robust mounting points to withstand the forces generated by the weapon.
  • Attach Weapon Mechanism: Carefully attach your spinner bar, flipper arm, or other weapon components. Ensure it has
    full range of motion and doesn’t interfere with other parts of the robot.
  • Balance Spinners: If you’re building a spinner, balancing the weapon is absolutely critical! An unbalanced spinner will vibrate violently, damage
    your robot, and be incredibly inefficient. Use a prop balancer (for RC planes) or a custom jig to ensure perfect balance.
  • Test Weapon (Safely!): With extreme caution, test your weapon. Do this in a contained
    area, away from people and pets. Start at low power and gradually increase. Wear full safety gear, including a face shield!

<a id=”6-electronics-installation-and-wiring-the-brains-and

-brawn”>6. Electronics Installation and Wiring: The Brains and Brawn

This is where your robot gets its nervous system.

  • Mount ESCs: Securely mount your Electronic Speed Controllers. Ensure they have adequate
    airflow if they’re high-power.
  • Mount Receiver: Place your radio receiver in a protected, accessible location.
  • Battery Tray/Mount: Create a secure spot for your LiPo battery. It needs
    to be easily accessible for charging and removal, but also protected from impacts.
  • Wiring: This is where neatness counts!
  • Power Wires: Connect your battery to a power distribution board or directly to your ESC
    s using appropriate gauge wire and high-current connectors (XT60/XT90).
  • Motor Wires: Connect ESCs to motors.
  • Signal Wires: Connect your receiver to the
    ESCs.
  • Tidy Up: Use zip ties, electrical tape, and heat shrink tubing to bundle wires, prevent chafing, and keep everything neat. This makes troubleshooting much easier.
  • Fails
    afe Setup:     Configure your radio system’s failsafe! This is vital. It tells your robot what to do if it loses signal (e.g., stop all motors). This prevents a runaway robot!

<a id=”7-

testing-and-debugging-the-crucial-pre-fight-ritual”>7. Testing and Debugging: The Crucial Pre-Fight Ritual

Your robot is built! But is it ready for battle? Not until it
‘s thoroughly tested.

  • Drive Tests: Drive your robot around. Does it go straight? Can it turn sharply? Is it responsive?
  • Weapon Tests: Again, safely! Test your weapon at
    full power. Does it perform as expected? Does anything break or overheat?
  • Durability Tests (Carefully!): If you have a practice arena or a safe testing zone, gently ram your robot into obstacles to test
    its armor and structural integrity.
  • Weight Check: Weigh your robot! Ensure it’s within the limits of your chosen weight class. If it’s overweight, you’ll need to shed some pounds (often by drilling holes in non-critical areas or replacing heavy components).
  • Debugging: Expect things to go wrong. A motor might not spin, a wire might be loose, an ESC might overheat. Use your multimeter to diagnose electrical issues. This
    iterative process of testing and fixing is where you learn the most.

The build process is a marathon, not a sprint. Celebrate each small victory, learn from every setback, and enjoy the incredible satisfaction of seeing your creation come to life!

💻 Programming Your Robot: Bringing Your Creation to Life (Beyond RC)


Video: I made a mini deathroll… and it’s INSANE!








While many combat robots are
purely remote-controlled (RC), relying on direct signals from a human operator, the world of STEM robotics combat often extends into the fascinating realm of programming. This is where your robot can gain a rudimentary “brain,” allowing for
more sophisticated control, sensor integration, and even limited autonomous behaviors. Here at Robot Fighting™, we love seeing builders push the boundaries of what’s possible with code!

<a id=”microcontrollers-for-combat-robotics-eg-

arduino-raspberry-pi-pico”>Microcontrollers for Combat Robotics (e.g., Arduino, Raspberry Pi Pico)

At the heart of any programmable robot is a microcontroller. These tiny computers are perfect for reading sensor
inputs, processing data, and sending commands to motors and other actuators.

  • Arduino: The Arduino Uno or Arduino Nano are incredibly popular choices for beginners due to their ease of use, vast community support, and straightforward
    programming environment (Arduino IDE). They are excellent for controlling drive motors, weapon timing, or integrating simple sensors.
  • Raspberry Pi Pico: A more powerful and versatile microcontroller than the basic Arduino, the **Raspberry Pi Pico
    ** offers more processing power and memory, making it suitable for more complex tasks. It can be programmed with MicroPython or C/C++.
  • Other Options: For more advanced applications, some builders might explore full-fledged single
    -board computers like the Raspberry Pi 4 or Jetson Nano, though these are typically overkill and add unnecessary weight and complexity for most combat robot applications.

👉 CHECK PRICE on:

Basic Control Logic and Sensor Integration

Even in an RC combat robot, a microcontroller can enhance performance and add clever features.

  • Weapon Timing and Sequencing
    :     Imagine a flipper bot that automatically retracts its weapon after a set delay, or a spinner that ramps up to speed with a controlled acceleration. A microcontroller can manage these precise timings.
  • Mixer Logic: For
    tank-drive robots (two independent drive motors), a microcontroller can act as a “mixer,” translating your single joystick inputs (forward/backward, turn left/right) into appropriate commands for each motor. While many RC transmitters have built-in
    mixing, a custom microcontroller can offer more flexibility.
  • Sensor Feedback (Limited):
  • Current Sensors: Monitor the current draw of your motors to detect stalls or potential overloads, allowing the robot to react
    (e.g., momentarily cut power to prevent damage).
  • Limit Switches: Used to detect the end of a weapon’s travel, preventing motors from over-extending or damaging themselves.

Battery Voltage Monitoring:** Display real-time battery voltage to the operator, preventing unexpected power loss during a match.

Our Anecdote: One of our team members, a software engineer by trade, built a Beetleweight with a programmed
“panic button.” When pressed, the robot would execute a pre-programmed evasive maneuver for 3 seconds, giving him a moment to re-evaluate the situation. It didn’t always work, but it was a brilliant example of how code can
add a strategic edge!

Advanced Autonomous Features (for exhibition, not combat)

It’s important to clarify: most official
combat robotics competitions strictly require human control. Fully autonomous combat robots are generally not allowed due to safety concerns and the desire to showcase driver skill.

However, for exhibition matches, educational demonstrations, or non-combat robotics projects, micro
controllers can enable truly impressive autonomous behaviors:

  • Line Following: Using IR sensors to follow a line on the ground.

  • Obstacle Avoidance: Using ultrasonic or IR distance sensors to detect and navigate around obstacles.

  • Object Tracking: Using cameras and image processing (on more powerful boards like Raspberry Pi) to identify and track specific objects.

  • Maze Solving: Programming algorithms to navigate complex environments.

While you won’t be sending
your combat robot into the arena to fight on its own (yet!), understanding how to program microcontrollers opens up a world of possibilities for robotics projects and deepens your understanding of how complex machines operate. It’s a crucial skill in the broader
field of robotics and a fantastic way to enhance your STEM journey!

🏆 Entering the Arena: Rules


Video: FTC BioBuzz Ri3D, Ri30h BioBuzz #Ri3d #ri30h #biobuzz #omgrobots #stem #shooting #funroboticsnetwork.







, Strategies, and Competition Day Survival Guide

You’ve built your robot, you’ve tested it (safely, we hope!), and now the moment of truth approaches: competition day! This is where all your hard work,
late nights, and creative problem-solving culminate in a thrilling display of mechanical might. But don’t just show up and hope for the best! Here at Robot Fighting™, we know that success in the arena is as much about preparation
and strategy as it is about the robot itself.

Understanding Event Rules and Safety Regulations

This cannot be stressed enough: READ THE RULES!
Every competition, from local club events to national championships, has a specific set of rules. Ignorance of these rules can lead to disqualification, frustration, and even safety hazards.

  • Weight Limits: Absolutely critical. Your
    robot must be within the specified weight for its class. Always weigh your robot with batteries and any removable weapon attachments.
  • Weapon Restrictions: Are certain weapon types banned? Are there limits on weapon power or materials? For instance, some events
    prohibit flame weapons or entanglement devices.
  • Safety Protocols: These are paramount. Understand the “kill switch” procedures, safety zones, and how to safely arm and disarm your robot. The “Medgar Evers Combat Robotics Competition”
    video [cite: #featured-video] embedded above showcases students safely operating their robots in a competition setting, highlighting the importance of controlled environments.
  • Construction Guidelines: Are there rules about sharp edges, exposed wiring, or battery types
    ?
  • Match Format: How long are the matches? What are the victory conditions (knockout, immobilization, judge’s decision)?

We’ve seen countless robots disqualified for minor rule infringements that could have been easily
avoided. Don’t let that be you! Always check the specific rules for the event you’re attending. You can find more general information and discussions on this topic in our Robot Combat Rules and Regulations section.

Developing Winning Combat Strategies

Building a powerful robot is only half the battle;
driving it effectively is the other! A well-thought-out strategy can turn the tide against a seemingly superior opponent.

  • Know Your Robot’s Strengths and Weaknesses: Is your robot fast and agile? Is it a powerful
    spinner? Does it have a strong wedge? Play to its strengths.
  • Scout Your Opponents: If possible, observe your opponents’ robots before your match. What are their weapon types? How do they drive? What
    are their vulnerabilities?
  • Adaptability: The best drivers can adapt their strategy mid-match. If your initial plan isn’t working, be ready to change tactics.
  • Aggression vs. Defense: Sometimes
    , a relentless offensive is best. Other times, a defensive strategy, waiting for an opening, can be more effective.
  • Arena Awareness: Use the arena hazards (pits, pulverizers, etc.) to your advantage. Can you push
    your opponent into one?
  • Driving Practice: Practice, practice, practice! Get comfortable with your robot’s controls and learn its nuances. You can find inspiration and tactical breakdowns in our Robot Combat Videos and Robot Battle Strategies sections.

Our Anecdote: At a recent Antweight competition, one
of our team’s robots, “Tiny Terror,” was up against a much more powerful vertical spinner. Our driver knew he couldn’t go head-to-head. Instead, he focused on driving defensively, staying out of the spinner’
s arc, and waiting for the opponent to get stuck on an arena hazard. Eventually, “Tiny Terror” managed to push the spinner into a corner, immobilizing it and winning the “Tiny Nut” award, a coveted prize in the growing
STEMS Ant Weight program. It was a masterclass in strategic driving!

Pre-Match Checklist: Don’t

Forget Anything!

Competition day can be hectic. A checklist is your best friend!

  • ✅ Fully Charged Batteries: For both your robot and your transmitter. Bring spares!

  • ✅ Tools: All the tools you used
    to build your robot, especially those for quick repairs.

  • ✅ Spare Parts: Extra wheels, motors, weapon teeth, fasteners, wires, heat shrink, zip ties. You never know what might break!

  • ✅ Safety
    Glasses:     For yourself and anyone helping you in the pit.

  • ✅ Fire Extinguisher: A small one for your pit area, just in case of LiPo incidents.

  • ✅ Chargers: For all your batteries.

  • ✅ Power Strip/Extension Cord: Pit areas often have limited outlets.

  • ✅ Robot Stand/Cradle: To safely work on your robot without it accidentally driving off.

  • ✅ Rulebook:
    A printed or digital copy of the event rules.

  • ✅ Water and Snacks: Stay hydrated and fueled!

  • ✅ Positive Attitude: Win or lose, learn and have fun!

<a id=”post-match

-repairs-and-learning-from-defeat”>Post-Match Repairs and Learning from Defeat

Whether you win or lose, every match is a learning experience.

  • Assess Damage: Immediately after a match,
    carefully inspect your robot for damage. What broke? Why did it break?
  • Repair: Get to work on repairs! This is where your spare parts and tools come in handy. The ability to quickly diagnose and fix issues is a hallmark
    of experienced robot builders.
  • Debrief: Discuss the match with your team (or yourself). What went well? What went wrong? What could you have done differently?
  • Iterate: Use the lessons learned to
    improve your robot’s design, armor, or weapon for the next event. This continuous cycle of improvement is what makes combat robotics so engaging.

Competition day is a whirlwind of excitement, tension, and camaraderie. Embrace the challenge, learn from every
experience, and most importantly, have a blast! You can find information about upcoming events and past results in our Robot Battle Events section.

<
a id=”joining-the-community-clubs-camps-and-mentorship-in-stem-robotics”>

🤝 Joining the Community: Clubs, Camps, and Mentorship in STEM Robotics


Video: The cheapest way into combat robots? (Aspire Ant Board Review).








Building a combat robot can
be a solitary pursuit in your workshop, but the true magic of STEM robotics combat unfolds when you connect with the vibrant, passionate community surrounding it. Here at Robot Fighting™, we believe that shared knowledge, friendly competition, and mentorship are the
fastest ways to grow your skills and truly enjoy the sport. You’re not just building a robot; you’re building connections!

Finding Local

Robotics Clubs and Leagues

The best way to get started and stay motivated is to find a local group. These clubs provide invaluable resources: shared tools, experienced mentors, and a safe environment to test and compete.

  • Online Searches
    :     A quick Google search for “robotics club near me” or “combat robotics league [your city/state]” is a great starting point.
  • Event Websites: Check the websites of major combat robotics events (like Norwalk Havoc Robot League, Robot Ruckus, etc.) for lists of affiliated clubs or local event organizers.
  • School/University Programs: Many schools and universities have robotics clubs or engineering programs that participate in combat robotics. New
    Mexico Tech, for example, has a Robot Outreach program that promotes STEM education through “challenging and thrilling projects and competitions”.
  • Maker Spaces/Hackerspaces: These community workshops often have members
    interested in robotics and may host their own informal combat robot events.

Joining a club means you’ll have access to people who have faced (and overcome!) the same challenges you’re encountering. It’s an incredible support network.

<

a id=”online-forums-and-resources-for-robot-builders”>Online Forums and Resources for Robot Builders

Even if there isn’t a local club right around the corner, the internet offers a wealth of information and
community support.

  • Robot Combat Forums: Websites like Robot Combat Forum (robotcombat.com) are bustling hubs of discussion, build logs, technical advice, and event announcements.
  • Facebook Groups: Search
    for “combat robotics” or specific weight class groups (e.g., “Antweight & Beetleweight Combat Robots”). These groups are often very active and responsive.
  • YouTube Channels: Many experienced builders share their build processes, tips,
    and competition footage. Channels like Jamison Go (Team Witch Doctor) or Team Whyachi offer incredible insights.
  • Discord Servers: Dedicated Discord servers for combat robotics communities offer real-time chat and support.

These
online resources are fantastic for troubleshooting problems, getting feedback on your designs, and staying up-to-date with the latest trends and technologies.

<a id=”stem-robotics-summer-camps-and-workshops

“>STEM Robotics Summer Camps and Workshops

For younger enthusiasts or those looking for an intensive, structured learning experience, STEM robotics summer camps are an absolute game-changer.

  • growingSTEMS Termite Combat Robot Summer
    Camps:     This organization offers 2-day camps for students in 3rd through 7th grade, focusing on Termite Class combat robots. They provide kits and guidance, making it an accessible entry point for younger builders. “The listed camp eligibility specifically says competitors in grades 3–5 can participate in the 2-day camp”.
  • New Mexico Tech’s MechE Mayhem: Their new
    content website provides resources for classroom and extracurricular robotics education, including a registration link for their “MechE Mayhem 2025 tournament” and enrollment for classes. This is a prime example of how educational institutions are integrating combat
    robotics into their STEM outreach.
  • University and Museum Programs: Many universities, science museums, and educational centers offer similar summer programs or workshops. These often provide hands-on experience with robot building, programming, and even mini-competitions.

These camps are not just about building robots; they’re about fostering teamwork, problem-solving, and a lifelong passion for STEM. Our team at Robot Fighting™ has seen countless young builders emerge from these camps with newfound confidence and skills
, ready to take on bigger challenges. Don’t underestimate the power of a focused, immersive learning experience!

🚀 The Future of STEM Combat Robotics: Innovation and Evolution


Video: Building a Ridiculously Dangerous Robot.








What’s next for the world of STEM robotics combat? If our years in the arena have taught us anything here at Robot Fighting™, it’s that this
sport is constantly evolving, pushing the boundaries of engineering, and inspiring the next generation of innovators. The future is bright, filled with exciting possibilities, and perhaps a few more sparks!

<a id=”emerging-technologies-

in-robot-design-and-materials”>Emerging Technologies in Robot Design and Materials

The relentless pursuit of lighter, stronger, and more efficient robots drives continuous innovation in materials and design.

  • Advanced Manufacturing: We
    ‘re seeing more widespread use of 3D printing for custom parts, not just in plastics but also in metals. This allows for incredibly complex geometries and optimized weight distribution that were once impossible.
  • Exotic Materials: While
    steel and titanium remain kings, research into new composites, ceramics, and even smart materials could lead to robots with unprecedented durability and performance. Imagine armor that can dynamically harden on impact!
  • Miniaturization of Electronics: As components
    get smaller and more powerful, we’ll see even more sophisticated electronics packed into smaller weight classes, leading to more complex weapon systems and control.
  • Modular Designs: The ability to quickly swap out weapon modules or drive systems will
    become even more prevalent, allowing teams to adapt their robots to different opponents and strategies with greater ease.

Our engineers are always experimenting with new alloys and manufacturing techniques. We recently tried a new carbon fiber weave for a non-critical component, and while it
didn’t survive a direct hit, the data we gathered was invaluable!

The Growing Impact on STEM Education and Career Paths

Perhaps the most significant aspect of combat robotics’ future lies in its continued role as a powerful STEM education tool.

  • Increased Accessibility: As kits become more affordable and educational programs expand, more students will have the opportunity to get hands
    -on experience with robotics. Programs like growingSTEMS’ Termite and Ant Weight initiatives are crucial in this regard, engaging students from elementary school through high school.
  • Curriculum Integration: We anticipate
    more schools and universities formally integrating combat robotics into their engineering and technology curricula, recognizing its effectiveness in teaching practical skills. New Mexico Tech’s MechE Mayhem content website is a prime example of this trend, offering resources for classroom and extracurricular robotics
    education.
  • Skill Development for the Future Workforce: The skills learned in combat robotics – mechanical design, electrical engineering, programming, project management, teamwork, and problem-solving under pressure – are precisely the skills needed
    for the jobs of tomorrow in fields like advanced manufacturing, aerospace, AI, and, of course, robotics itself.
  • Diversity and Inclusion: Efforts to make combat robotics more inclusive will continue to grow, attracting a wider range of
    participants and fostering diverse perspectives in engineering.

The future of STEM robotics combat isn’t just about bigger explosions or faster spinners; it’s about building a brighter future, one robot at a time. It’s about inspiring the next generation of
engineers, scientists, and innovators to tackle the world’s challenges with the same creativity and determination they bring to the arena. And honestly, we here at Robot Fighting™ can’t wait to see what they come up with!

Jacob
Jacob
Articles: 135

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